From Report:
As Ireland and other countries follow the ‘equality’ approach,13 it is critical that we are fully cognisant of the wide range of institutional mechanisms and measures that have been put in place by other jurisdictions to ensure the success of all the objectives of the law.
For example, the continuing commitment of the Swedish State to providing resources for implementation, policing, services, evaluation and monitoring have ensured that the laws on prostitution and trafficking are embedded in government policy.14
In addition, the French law has also now provided an exemplar of a comprehensive law which not only criminalises the purchase of sex and de-criminalises those exploited in prostitution, but also provides a statutory basis for service provision and exit routes.15
Subsequent to the introduction of the law in France, in a historic decision, the Conseil Constitutionnel (French Supreme Court) has validated the constitutionality of the French 2016 Act16 introducing the criminalisation of the purchase of sex, the full decriminalisation of prostituted persons, and the creation of a nation-wide public exit, protection and assistance policy for victims of prostitution, pimping, procuring and trafficking.
Footnotes:
14. Ekberg, G. S. (2004) “The Swedish Law that Prohibits the Purchase of Sexual Services: Best Practices for Prevention of Prostitution and Trafficking in Human Beings” 10 Violence Against Women 1187 (Sage Publications); Ekberg, G. S. & Wahlberg, K. (2011) “The Swedish Approach: A European Union Country Shows How to Effectively Fight Sex Trafficking” 2:2 Solutions Journal.
15. See French law: Act no 2016-444 of the 13th April 2016, “Aiming to Strengthen the Fight Against the Prostitution System and to Assist Prostituted Persons”; in English: “Presentation of the French Act Aiming to Strengthen the Fight Against the Prostitution System and to Assist Prostituted Persons”. Available: http://www.cap-international.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/CAP-brochure-MARS2017-EN-WEB3-1.pdf.
16. CAP-International (2019) “Supreme Court – and public opinion – enshrines French abolitionist legislation on prostitution”. Available: http://www.cap-international.org/activity/supreme-court-and-public-opinion-enshrines-french-abolitionist-legislation-on-prostitution.
17. O’Connor, M. (2015) “Upholding Rights! Early Legal Intervention for Victims of Trafficking”, Immigrant Council of Ireland. Website & Reports available: http://www.earlylegalintervention.eu
18. Immigrant Council of Ireland (2019) “The need for gender-specific accommodation for sexually exploited, trafficked women”, Submission to the Oireachtas Joint Committee on Justice and Equality. Available: https://www.immigrantcouncil.ie/sites/default/files/2019-11/2019
SubmissiontoJOConVictimsofHumanTraffickinginDirectProvision.pdf Joint NGO submission (2015) “Draft Second National Action Plan on Trafficking in Human Beings” by APT, Barnardos, Doras Luimní, Immigrant Council of Ireland, NASC, Ruhama, Sexual Violence Centre Cork. Available: https://www.immigrantcouncil.ie/sites/default/files/2017-10/AT%202015%20Joint%20Submission%20on%20DJE%20draft%20National%20Action%20Plan%20on%20Trafficking.pdf# Pollak, S. (2019) “
Women in Direct Provision being ‘pushed into prostitution’” The Irish Times. Available: https://www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/women-in-direct-provision-being-pushed-into-prostitution-1.4085828.
Comment:
This
is a fully evidenced analysis of one
significant strand
of the international context. which calls the validity of
the entire
abolitionist movement into question.
Comment:
The failure of the sex buyer law in Sweden is well documented:
- Impacts
of the Swedish Criminalisation of the
Purchase of
Sex on Sex Workers
Presented at the British Society of Criminology Annual Conference, Northumbria University, 4th July 2011 Jay Levy - The Swedish Model Criminalising the Purchase of Sex Is Dangerous: The European Parliament Should Have Rejected It – Ruth Jacobs 27 February 2014
- Sweden’s
abolitionist discourse and law: Effects
on the
dynamics of Swedish sex work and on the lives of
Sweden’s sex workers Levy & Jakobsson 31 March 2014 - The false promise of the Nordic model of sex work Thesslund and Okyere 17 April 2018
- Nordic Model: The Ongoing Criminalization of Sex Workers in Northern Europe Alek Neilsen 1 July 2018
Comment:
The failure of the sex buyer law in France is well documented:
- Paying for sex in France: New law has been ‘catastrophic’ Ben McPartland 28 September 2016
- French prostitutes demand their clients be free to pay for sex 24 January 2019
- A Prostitute Was Killed in France. Is a New Law Partly to Blame? Peltier and Emma Bubola 29 September 2018
- The impact of the ‘Swedish model’ in France: chronicle of a disaster foretold Giametta, Le Bail and Mai 25 April 2018
- ‘The Problem of Prostitution’: Repressive policies in the name of migration control, public order, and women’s rights in France Calderaro and Giametta December 2018
The Supreme Court ruling cited is now being appealed to the European Court of Human Rights:
Comment:
The failure of the sex buyer law in Canada is well documented:
- Ontario
judge rules that Peter MacKay’s sex-trade law violates Canadian Charter
of Rights and Freedoms
- Criminalisation of clients: reproducing
vulnerabilities for violence and poor
health among street-based sex workers
in Canada—a qualitative study
Comment:
Similar legislation in the North of Ireland was
already assessed in September 2019 and shown to have no positive impact
from any perspective and a disastrous impact from the perspective of
sex workers .
Comment:
These assessments are well past the point where
they can be dismissed as “‘pimp-thinking’”
without consideration, particularly as many of them
originate from
currently active sex workers themselves who have always been
conspicuous by
their absence from Irish discourse and consultation.
Comment:
Sex workers are the human beings most aware
of the facts of their
occupation as
well as most impacted by legislation and social policy directed at it.
I can
conceive of no excuse adequate to justify the continuing exclusion of
their
voices.
- The High Level Working Group – page 4.
- The Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act 2017 – page 4.
- The Context – the Commercial Sex Trade in Ireland – page 5.
- Key findings of the research – page 6.
- The International Context – page 6.
- Related areas of Implementation and Recommendations – page 6.
- Protection,
legal
advocacy
and exit supports
– page 8.
Recommendations – page 9. - Legislation
and
Enforcement 10.
Recommendations – page 11. - Monitoring
and
Evaluation
– page 12.
Recommendations – page 13. - A National Rapporteur – page 14.
- Public
awareness,
education
and research – page 15.
Recommendations – page 16.